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The second condition was field-measured https://ecosoberhouse.com/, assessed as the average of three blood pressure measurements carried out by trained investigators using an electronic blood pressure monitor with a precision of 1 mmHg. A standardized protocol for blood pressure measurement was used, following the recommendations issued by the Chinese Working Group on Blood Pressure Measurement . Measurements were taken when the participant was seated, after a rest period of at least 5 min. Hypertension was defined as average systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg and/or average diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg. Additionally, heavy alcohol consumption has become increasingly recognised as a leading risk factor for the development of hypertension . Worldwide, 32.5% of people were current drinkers in 2016, and the burden of disease caused by drinking increases with age, peaking in men aged 55–65 years . A meta-analysis has shown that decreasing alcohol consumption, which is known to be an effective intervention, reduces the burden of disease caused by hypertension .
- To test for a BP effect, the trial also aimed to determine whether a reduction in alcohol intake could be achieved at 6 months and maintained for 2 years.
- We assessed the risk of bias of included studies independently using the Cochrane risk of bias tool according to Chapter 8 of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions for the following domains .
- We used the GRADE approach to assess the certainty of the body evidence as high, moderate, low or very low and provide review authors’ comments to support our judgements as outlined in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions chapter 12 .
- Karatzi 2005, Mahmud 2002, Maule 1993, and Potter 1986 did not mention the method of blinding of outcome assessors.
- Thus, alcohol at baseline was mostly compared with abstinence or near abstinence for people who drank five or fewer drinks per day at baseline, and about 50% mean reduction in alcohol intake for people who drank six or more drinks per day at baseline.
- Anemia, cancer, gout, cardiovascular disease and many more diseases can be caused by heavy or binge drinking.
- All participants provided written informed consent before the start of the investigation.
Previous research suggests that acute alcohol consumption affects the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system by increasing plasma renin activity . The RAAS is responsible for maintaining the balance of fluid and electrolytes.
How alcohol affects blood pressure
Finally as a test of publication bias, we used the method described by Egger as implemented in the STATA “metabi/as” routine. These laboratory tests and a food frequency questionnaire23 were obtained at the same visits as the Chronologic Drinking Record.
However, as recently reviewed,11 only 10 randomized studies have been conducted to examine the effect of a reduction in alcohol intake on BP. These relatively few studies usually included few subjects, were also generally of short duration, and were not designed as effectiveness trials. To test for a BP effect, the trial also aimed to determine whether a reduction in alcohol intake could be achieved at 6 months and maintained for 2 years. This article reports the primary results of the Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension Study . Hypertension can be genetic or may be due to environmental factors such as poor diet, obesity, tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, and sedentary lifestyle (Weber 2014; WHO 2013). A population‐based study showed that the incidence of hypertension is higher in African descendants (36%) than in Caucasians (21%) .
Study design and participants
Three measurements were taken at intervals of one minute, and the average of the last two considered casual BP . BP levels were considered high in presence of systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg . Alcohol can lead to high blood pressure, and excessive drinking can be a major cause. Alcohol usually affects multiple body systems, increasing the risk of developing hypertension. ACE inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor type 1 blockers can help manage alcohol-induced high blood pressure. The medication’s ability to elevate cardiac output in individuals with cardiomyopathy caused by alcohol can be helpful in the treatment of alcohol-induced hypertension.
We classified the remaining studies as having high risk of bias because the protocol was not registered and the study identifier was not reported. Therefore, it is difficult to determine a priori selection of primary and secondary outcome measures for the included studies. In the case of detection bias, we classified nine studies as having low risk of performance bias (Agewall 2000; Bau 2005; Bau 2011; Cheyne 2004; Dai 2002; Karatzi 2013; Narkiewicz 2000; Rosito 1999; Van De Borne 1997). All studies included an independent individual who was blinded to control and test groups to evaluate and analyse the data. One study ‐ Nishiwaki 2017 (a single‐blinded study) ‐ ensured participant blinding but not blinding of outcome assessors. Karatzi 2005, Mahmud 2002, Maule 1993, and Potter 1986 did not mention the method of blinding of outcome assessors.
Tome‐Carneiro 2013 published data only
blood pressure and alcohol elevates the blood levels of the renin compound, which results in the blood vessels constricting, making them smaller in diameter. An increase in the renin hormone also decreases how much fluid the body eliminates as urine, raising fluid levels within the body. We make it easy for you to participate in a clinical trial for High blood pressure, and get access to the latest treatments not yet widely available – and be a part of finding a cure.